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国外建筑防水材料和防水施工技术
随着我国建筑业的发展，防水材料与防水施工技术也相继发展，材料标准和施工规程规范的修制定工作也越来越规范。因此，与国外同行的技术交流也日益增多，国外的先进技术和经验，频频为我国防水行业所应用。
With the development of the construction industry in our country, waterproof materials and waterproof construction technology have also been developed, and the formulation of material standards and construction codes are becoming more and more standardized. Therefore, the technical exchanges with foreign counterparts are also increasing, and foreign advanced technology and experience are frequently used in our waterproof industry.
一、日本的防水工程设计与施工
I. design and construction of waterproof works in Japan
中国建筑方案设计与施工图设计均由业主委托专业设计院所设计，在施工图完成后进行招投标，其中防水材料的选用、防水构造的设计均在设计图中明确。而日本工程招投标实行国际惯例，以设计事务所设计的方案作为招投标基本文件。方案图中，设计师对需要防水的部位提出了防水要求，但没有具体构造及选材。施工图是在投标人中标后，由总承包商根据业主招标方案进行设计，确定具体材料的选用及构造。施工图设计过程中，专项工艺由总承包商进行二次招投标，以完成工程实施详图，确定专项工艺的技术、材料及构造，其中防水工程就是通过二次招标过程来确定的。这样的防水设计具有很强的针对和设计施工的同一性。
Design of design and construction of Chinese construction program by the owners commissioned a professional design institute design, bidding in construction after the completion of the design, selection of waterproof material waterproof structure are clear in the design drawing. The Japanese project bidding international practice, the design of the design of the project as the basic bidding documents. In the scheme, the designer makes waterproof requirements for the parts that need waterproof, but there is no concrete construction and material selection. After the bidder wins the bid, the construction plan shall be designed by the general contractor according to the owner's bidding plan, and the selection and construction of the concrete materials shall be determined. The construction design process, special process for the two bidding by the general contractor, to complete the project implementation details, determine the technology, material and structure of special technology, which is through the two waterproof engineering bidding process to determine the. Such waterproof design has strong aim and design and construction identity.
1、日本的防水工程造价和结算
1, Japan waterproof project cost and settlement
总包招标时，以总造价的10%左右预计防水工程造价，包括建筑物的屋面、地下、卫生间防水等。总包方在施工图设计阶段对防水工程招标时，从技术上由总包方提出要求，投标人根据各自技术特点提供方案，造价上总包方以投标时的10%总造价作为控制依据。由于业主的监督和总包方对工程质量的责任心，通常防水造价能够控制在10%左右，不会有大幅度的下降。防水施工企业与总承包商签订承包协议后，严格按照合同施工及根据合同约定支付工程款。不存在催讨工程款问题。
When bidding for the total package, 10% of the total cost is expected to include the building's roofing, underground and toilet waterproofing. The general contractor in the construction design stage of waterproof engineering bidding, technically by the general contractor request, the bidder shall provide the project according to their technical characteristics, cost control as the general contractor according to the bidding at the 10% of the total cost. Because of the owner's supervision and the Contractor's responsibility for the quality of the project, the cost of waterproofing can usually be controlled at around 10%, and there will be no significant drop. After signing the contract agreement with the general contractor, the waterproof construction enterprise shall pay the project in strict accordance with the contract construction and in accordance with the contract. There is no problem dunned engineering.
2、日本的防水工程保证、保修期
2, Japan waterproof project guarantee, warranty period
日本没有防水工程保证期这么一说，也没有对防水工程规定保修年限。日本企业很注重信誉，对待工程都是精益求精，各工种严格按照设计及工艺要求认真施工，通常不会出现渗漏现象。但由于防水质量的保证涉及多方面因素，责任很难确定。一旦出现渗漏，由防水施工企业进行修补，费用由总承包商承担，因此不存在保修金问题。
Japan has no waterproof project guarantee period, so there is no warranty period for the waterproof project. Japanese enterprises pay great attention to the credibility of the project is to strive for excellence, the various types of work in strict accordance with the design and process requirements seriously construction, usually no leakage. But because the guarantee of water quality involves many factors, it is difficult to determine the responsibility. In case of leakage, the waterproof construction enterprise will repair it and the cost will be borne by the general contractor, so there is no warranty.
在日本还有一种情况就是总承包商或业主要求对防水质量进行合同保证，那么防水工程企业在施工报价时，增加20%-30%的风险金，保修期为3-5年，一旦出现渗漏，由防水施工企业进行免费修补。
In Japan there is a situation in which the general contractor or owner of the waterproof quality of the contract guarantee, so waterproof construction enterprises in the construction bidding, increase the risk of 20%-30% gold, the warranty period of 3-5 years, once the leak occurs, by the waterproof construction enterprises free repair.
3、日本的防水施工企业资质要求
3, Japan waterproof construction enterprise qualification requirements
日本对防水施工企业没有资质要求。防水工程企业作为普通企业进行注册营业，由国土交通省颁发许可证。信誉是一个企业的生命，为了承接到更多的工程，防水工程企业必须有一个很好的社会信誉如果完工的防水工程经常渗漏，需要返工，那么这个施工企业的生存就存在问题了。以后在社会上就接不到工程了。
Japan has no qualification requirements for waterproof construction enterprises. As a general enterprise, the waterproof project enterprise is registered and issued a license by the Ministry of land, communications and transportation. Reputation is the life of an enterprise, in order to undertake more projects, waterproof engineering enterprises must have a good social reputation if the completion of the waterproof engineering often need rework, leakage, so the construction enterprise survival problems. Later on in society can not receive the project.
为了使企业能承接复杂和重要的防水工程，企业必须配有高等级的注册建筑师和工程师等技术人员，有专门的设计部门进行防水工程设计，操作工人也是相对固定的。一切配备都是由企业自己决定。
In order to enable enterprises to undertake complex and important waterproof engineering, enterprises must be equipped with high grade registered architects and engineers and technical personnel, has designed a special department of waterproof engineering design, operation of workers is relatively fixed. All the equipment is decided by the enterprise itself.
二、（BUR）沥青屋面系统
Two, (BUR) asphalt roofing system
沥青屋面系统在欧美和日本，仍具有竞争力。主要是，一个维护良好的热施工叠层屋面系统，可以使用20年或更长。另外，在严酷的气候条件下，BUR系统总的质量要比单层屋面系统大得多，因而BUR系统抗风揭性好，不易被风吹起、不易被物体刺破同时，BUR系统中层与层之间通过液体沥青结合在一起，形成一个整体，在完工的屋面中，实际上不存在任何接缝，也就消除了接缝这一薄弱环节。
Asphalt roofing systems are still competitive in Europe, America and japan. Mainly, a well maintained thermal construction overlay roof system can be used for 20 years or longer. In addition, in the harsh climate conditions, BUR system of total quality than the single roof system is much greater, so BUR system of wind uplift is good, not easy to be blown up, not easy to be punctured objects at the same time, between the BUR system and the middle layer together through the liquid asphalt, to form a whole, in the completion of the roof, actually there is no seams, also eliminates seams this weak link.
此外，当沥青直接涂在结构混凝土屋面板上或涂在保温屋面板上时，可认为整个屋面是一个全粘系统，而这种全粘系统的一大好处，是能分布建筑物受到的应力(如风荷载、振动和弯曲)。热沥青施工，采用现代的设备控制沥青温度、粘度以及烟气的排放，既能保护环境，又能提高施工质量。
In addition, when applied directly to the structure of asphalt concrete roof panel or on the insulation roof panel, that the whole roof is a full stick system, and a major advantage of this system is stuck, can the stress distribution of the building is (wind load, vibration and bending). Hot bitumen construction adopts modern equipment to control asphalt temperature, viscosity and smoke emission. It can not only protect environment but also improve construction quality.
三、匈牙利的防水工程
Three Hungary waterproof project
匈牙利防水技术人员享承欧洲人的严谨作风，注重细节，训练有素，工法熟练，结合不同部位，运用多种材料构成系统防水，值得学习和借鉴。
Hungary waterproof technicians enjoy the European rigorous style, attention to detail, well-trained, skilled construction, combined with different parts, using a variety of materials, system waterproof, it is worth learning and drawing lessons from.
1、屋面防水
1 roofing waterproof
选用PVC卷材，分为暴露型和非暴露型。全部采用机械固定，接缝采用热风焊接施工工艺。施工技术非常讲究，所有阴阳角、女儿墙、落水孔、排气管等部位，都做附加层上下层卷材搭接，卷材的直角都剪成圆角所有接缝处全部用密封胶封边非上人屋面部分的维修道和避雷线支撑点下面都用双层增强做法，避免磨损造成渗漏。
PVC coils are used to be exposed and non exposed. All adopt mechanical fixing, and the seam adopts hot air welding construction technology. The construction technology is very exquisite, all corner, parapet, water holes, exhaust pipe and other parts, as an additional layer on the lower sheet lap, rolls are cut into rectangular fillet all joints are all non Edge Sealants for roof part of the maintenance and support under the lightning line with double strength, avoid the wear caused by leakage.
2、天台的种植屋面的构造
2, roof planting roof structure
其构造层次由上而下分别为4mm厚
Its tectonic levels are from top to bottom, respectively 4mm thick
With the development of the construction industry in our country, waterproof materials and waterproof construction technology have also been developed, and the formulation of material standards and construction codes are becoming more and more standardized. Therefore, the technical exchanges with foreign counterparts are also increasing, and foreign advanced technology and experience are frequently used in our waterproof industry.
一、日本的防水工程设计与施工
I. design and construction of waterproof works in Japan
中国建筑方案设计与施工图设计均由业主委托专业设计院所设计，在施工图完成后进行招投标，其中防水材料的选用、防水构造的设计均在设计图中明确。而日本工程招投标实行国际惯例，以设计事务所设计的方案作为招投标基本文件。方案图中，设计师对需要防水的部位提出了防水要求，但没有具体构造及选材。施工图是在投标人中标后，由总承包商根据业主招标方案进行设计，确定具体材料的选用及构造。施工图设计过程中，专项工艺由总承包商进行二次招投标，以完成工程实施详图，确定专项工艺的技术、材料及构造，其中防水工程就是通过二次招标过程来确定的。这样的防水设计具有很强的针对和设计施工的同一性。
Design of design and construction of Chinese construction program by the owners commissioned a professional design institute design, bidding in construction after the completion of the design, selection of waterproof material waterproof structure are clear in the design drawing. The Japanese project bidding international practice, the design of the design of the project as the basic bidding documents. In the scheme, the designer makes waterproof requirements for the parts that need waterproof, but there is no concrete construction and material selection. After the bidder wins the bid, the construction plan shall be designed by the general contractor according to the owner's bidding plan, and the selection and construction of the concrete materials shall be determined. The construction design process, special process for the two bidding by the general contractor, to complete the project implementation details, determine the technology, material and structure of special technology, which is through the two waterproof engineering bidding process to determine the. Such waterproof design has strong aim and design and construction identity.
1、日本的防水工程造价和结算
1, Japan waterproof project cost and settlement
总包招标时，以总造价的10%左右预计防水工程造价，包括建筑物的屋面、地下、卫生间防水等。总包方在施工图设计阶段对防水工程招标时，从技术上由总包方提出要求，投标人根据各自技术特点提供方案，造价上总包方以投标时的10%总造价作为控制依据。由于业主的监督和总包方对工程质量的责任心，通常防水造价能够控制在10%左右，不会有大幅度的下降。防水施工企业与总承包商签订承包协议后，严格按照合同施工及根据合同约定支付工程款。不存在催讨工程款问题。
When bidding for the total package, 10% of the total cost is expected to include the building's roofing, underground and toilet waterproofing. The general contractor in the construction design stage of waterproof engineering bidding, technically by the general contractor request, the bidder shall provide the project according to their technical characteristics, cost control as the general contractor according to the bidding at the 10% of the total cost. Because of the owner's supervision and the Contractor's responsibility for the quality of the project, the cost of waterproofing can usually be controlled at around 10%, and there will be no significant drop. After signing the contract agreement with the general contractor, the waterproof construction enterprise shall pay the project in strict accordance with the contract construction and in accordance with the contract. There is no problem dunned engineering.
2、日本的防水工程保证、保修期
2, Japan waterproof project guarantee, warranty period
日本没有防水工程保证期这么一说，也没有对防水工程规定保修年限。日本企业很注重信誉，对待工程都是精益求精，各工种严格按照设计及工艺要求认真施工，通常不会出现渗漏现象。但由于防水质量的保证涉及多方面因素，责任很难确定。一旦出现渗漏，由防水施工企业进行修补，费用由总承包商承担，因此不存在保修金问题。
Japan has no waterproof project guarantee period, so there is no warranty period for the waterproof project. Japanese enterprises pay great attention to the credibility of the project is to strive for excellence, the various types of work in strict accordance with the design and process requirements seriously construction, usually no leakage. But because the guarantee of water quality involves many factors, it is difficult to determine the responsibility. In case of leakage, the waterproof construction enterprise will repair it and the cost will be borne by the general contractor, so there is no warranty.
在日本还有一种情况就是总承包商或业主要求对防水质量进行合同保证，那么防水工程企业在施工报价时，增加20%-30%的风险金，保修期为3-5年，一旦出现渗漏，由防水施工企业进行免费修补。
In Japan there is a situation in which the general contractor or owner of the waterproof quality of the contract guarantee, so waterproof construction enterprises in the construction bidding, increase the risk of 20%-30% gold, the warranty period of 3-5 years, once the leak occurs, by the waterproof construction enterprises free repair.
3、日本的防水施工企业资质要求
3, Japan waterproof construction enterprise qualification requirements
日本对防水施工企业没有资质要求。防水工程企业作为普通企业进行注册营业，由国土交通省颁发许可证。信誉是一个企业的生命，为了承接到更多的工程，防水工程企业必须有一个很好的社会信誉如果完工的防水工程经常渗漏，需要返工，那么这个施工企业的生存就存在问题了。以后在社会上就接不到工程了。
Japan has no qualification requirements for waterproof construction enterprises. As a general enterprise, the waterproof project enterprise is registered and issued a license by the Ministry of land, communications and transportation. Reputation is the life of an enterprise, in order to undertake more projects, waterproof engineering enterprises must have a good social reputation if the completion of the waterproof engineering often need rework, leakage, so the construction enterprise survival problems. Later on in society can not receive the project.
为了使企业能承接复杂和重要的防水工程，企业必须配有高等级的注册建筑师和工程师等技术人员，有专门的设计部门进行防水工程设计，操作工人也是相对固定的。一切配备都是由企业自己决定。
In order to enable enterprises to undertake complex and important waterproof engineering, enterprises must be equipped with high grade registered architects and engineers and technical personnel, has designed a special department of waterproof engineering design, operation of workers is relatively fixed. All the equipment is decided by the enterprise itself.
二、（BUR）沥青屋面系统
Two, (BUR) asphalt roofing system
沥青屋面系统在欧美和日本，仍具有竞争力。主要是，一个维护良好的热施工叠层屋面系统，可以使用20年或更长。另外，在严酷的气候条件下，BUR系统总的质量要比单层屋面系统大得多，因而BUR系统抗风揭性好，不易被风吹起、不易被物体刺破同时，BUR系统中层与层之间通过液体沥青结合在一起，形成一个整体，在完工的屋面中，实际上不存在任何接缝，也就消除了接缝这一薄弱环节。
Asphalt roofing systems are still competitive in Europe, America and japan. Mainly, a well maintained thermal construction overlay roof system can be used for 20 years or longer. In addition, in the harsh climate conditions, BUR system of total quality than the single roof system is much greater, so BUR system of wind uplift is good, not easy to be blown up, not easy to be punctured objects at the same time, between the BUR system and the middle layer together through the liquid asphalt, to form a whole, in the completion of the roof, actually there is no seams, also eliminates seams this weak link.
此外，当沥青直接涂在结构混凝土屋面板上或涂在保温屋面板上时，可认为整个屋面是一个全粘系统，而这种全粘系统的一大好处，是能分布建筑物受到的应力(如风荷载、振动和弯曲)。热沥青施工，采用现代的设备控制沥青温度、粘度以及烟气的排放，既能保护环境，又能提高施工质量。
In addition, when applied directly to the structure of asphalt concrete roof panel or on the insulation roof panel, that the whole roof is a full stick system, and a major advantage of this system is stuck, can the stress distribution of the building is (wind load, vibration and bending). Hot bitumen construction adopts modern equipment to control asphalt temperature, viscosity and smoke emission. It can not only protect environment but also improve construction quality.
三、匈牙利的防水工程
Three Hungary waterproof project
匈牙利防水技术人员享承欧洲人的严谨作风，注重细节，训练有素，工法熟练，结合不同部位，运用多种材料构成系统防水，值得学习和借鉴。
Hungary waterproof technicians enjoy the European rigorous style, attention to detail, well-trained, skilled construction, combined with different parts, using a variety of materials, system waterproof, it is worth learning and drawing lessons from.
1、屋面防水
1 roofing waterproof
选用PVC卷材，分为暴露型和非暴露型。全部采用机械固定，接缝采用热风焊接施工工艺。施工技术非常讲究，所有阴阳角、女儿墙、落水孔、排气管等部位，都做附加层上下层卷材搭接，卷材的直角都剪成圆角所有接缝处全部用密封胶封边非上人屋面部分的维修道和避雷线支撑点下面都用双层增强做法，避免磨损造成渗漏。
PVC coils are used to be exposed and non exposed. All adopt mechanical fixing, and the seam adopts hot air welding construction technology. The construction technology is very exquisite, all corner, parapet, water holes, exhaust pipe and other parts, as an additional layer on the lower sheet lap, rolls are cut into rectangular fillet all joints are all non Edge Sealants for roof part of the maintenance and support under the lightning line with double strength, avoid the wear caused by leakage.
2、天台的种植屋面的构造
2, roof planting roof structure
其构造层次由上而下分别为4mm厚
Its tectonic levels are from top to bottom, respectively 4mm thick
