预铺法防水材料的由来

The origin of waterproof material with pre paving method

我国自从上个世纪50年代修建北京地铁一号线以来.已建成轨道交通的城市有10座。至2006年底，北京、上海、广州3座城市的轨道交通长度均突破了100Km。轨道交通将覆盖全国34座城市，截止2017年7月运营总里程约为4200km，预计2020年底总里程将达到6000 km。在地铁工程设计建设中，结构防水极其重要。自最早的北京地铁以来，我国的地铁结构防水技术发展经历了探索、借鉴、争辩的漫长过程。就防水层设置而言，主要分为以下几个阶段：

Since the construction of the Beijing metro line one line in 50s of last century, 10 cities have been built. By the end of 2006, the length of rail traffic in 3 cities in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou had exceeded 100Km. Rail transit will cover 34 cities throughout the country. The total mileage of July 2017 is about 4200km, and the total mileage of the end of 2020 is expected to reach 6000 km by the end of the year. In the design and construction of subway engineering, the structure waterproof is very important. Since the earliest Beijing subway, the development of our country's subway structure waterproof technology has gone through a long process of exploration, reference and debate. As far as the waterproof layer is concerned, it is divided into the following stages:

1)第一阶段：北京地铁一号线设计期间，防水设计以结构自防水辅以全包外防水层，混凝土结构主要考虑承受结构荷载，柔性防水层承担防水主要角色。

1) the first stage: during the design of Beijing Metro Line 1, the waterproofing design is composed of structural self waterproofing and all inclusive external waterproof layer. The concrete structure mainly considers the structural load, and the flexible waterproof layer bears the main role of waterproofing.

2)第二阶段：上海地铁修建时，由于上海地处粘土及淤泥为主的地层，考虑到地层透水系数不大，因此出现了只作顶板防水层、侧墙及底板以结构防水并承受结构荷载的防水模式，从而也引发了防水界南北派之争。其争论的焦点在于：是以结构混凝土刚性防水为主、引排少量渗水，还是结构混凝土与防水层刚柔并用共同防水。

2) the second stage: Shanghai metro construction, mainly because Shanghai is located in clay and silt stratum, considering the formation permeability coefficient is small, so there is only waterproof roof waterproof layer model, side wall and floor structure and waterproof structure under load, which also led to the waterproof circle send the dispute between North and south. The focus of the debate is whether structural concrete is mainly rigid and waterproof, and a small amount of seepage is draught. Or is the structure concrete and waterproof layer rigid and flexible and used for common waterproofing.

3)第三阶段：在修建广州及其它沿海城市的轨道交通时期，由于日本、南非、英国、香港地铁以及国内上海打浦路隧道等20世纪80年代修建的地下工程在设计使用年限内都出现了不同程度的腐蚀破坏，加之地下水污染情况越来越严重，国家有关部门开始重视混凝土的耐久性及腐蚀带来的影响，并在《地铁设计规范》(CB 50157—2003)中明确提出了将重要结构的使用寿命提高至100年。过去结构、防水各自为政的设计模式已不能适应工程的要求，地铁土建设计已逐渐改进为将结构设计、结构耐久性设计(包括防腐设计)及结构防水设计综合考虑的新的设计理念。结构防水设计引入“低抗渗、高抗裂”“刚柔结合、多道设防”“防止与预防结合、提高抗风险能力”“全生命周期设计”等理念。

3) the third stage: in the construction of Guangzhou and other coastal city rail transit period, because Japan, South Africa, Britain, Hongkong and the domestic subway Shanghai Dapulu tunnel built in 1980s in the underground engineering design life have appeared different degree of corrosion damage, and the underground water pollution has become increasingly serious, the relevant departments of the state bring attention began to affect the durability of concrete and corrosion, and in the "code for Metro Design" (CB 50157 - 2003) clearly put forward the important structure to improve the service life of 100 years. In the past, the design mode of structure and waterproofing has been unable to meet the requirements of the project. The design of subway civil engineering has been gradually improved to the new design concept considering the structural design, structural durability design (including anticorrosive design) and structural waterproofing design. Structural waterproof design includes the concept of "low permeability, high crack resistance", "rigid flexible combination, multi-channel fortification", "combination of prevention and prevention, improving risk resisting ability" and "life cycle design".